ORAL HISTORIES

The Pussy Palace oral history collection is currently preserved at The ArQuives: Canada’s LGBTQ2S+ Archives. The collection contains over 45 hours of video-recorded Zoom interviews with 35 community narrators as well as interview transcripts and digitized ephemera.

THE PUSSY PALACE ORAL HISTORIES

Screen the original, video-recorded oral history interviews or read the official interview transcripts. Connect to the associated record in The ArQuives’ fonds to view a full account of each narrator’s donated materials.

A NOTE ABOUT ACCESS…

Permission to access materials archived in the Pussy Palace Oral History Project fonds is specified by the individual donor, at the time of donation. The below list features only those narrators who have not placed any access restrictions on their materials. A detailed account of the complete fonds is available in The ArQuives’ Collections.

Bathhouse Organizers

KAREN B. K. CHAN | TWBC Member

Karen B. K. Chan interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, June 9, 2021, Zoom video recording.

Originally from Hong Kong, Karen B. K. Chan is a 44-year-old, Hong Kong-Chinese and Cantonese, genderqueer person. At the time of the interview, Chan was living in Toronto, Ontario during the COVID-19 pandemic while working as a speaker, trainer, and consultant on sex education, emotional intelligence, anti-oppression, anti-racism, and other issues of equity and diversity. The interview concerns Chan’s experiences as an organizer and patron of the Pussy Palace bathhouse events, focusing on the Night of 2000 Pussies event that took place on September 14, 2000. Chan discusses their experience as one of two organizers of colour on the Toronto Women’s Bathhouse Committee, their efforts to increase engagement and bathhouse attendance within communities of colour, her sense memories of the physical space of the bathhouse, her recollections of the police raid, her difficult decision to resign from the Toronto Women’s Bathhouse Committee, and other topics. Chan mentions Hong Kong and Toronto, Ontario, and focuses the discussion on the time period between 1998 and 2003.

CHANELLE GALLANT | TWBC Member

Chanelle Gallant, interview by Alisha Stranges and Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, March 10, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Chanelle Gallant is a white, raised-poor, queer, cis femme; a former sex worker; and, at the time of the interview, a sex worker activist. The interview mostly concerns her experiences as a member of the Toronto Women’s Bathhouse Committee and an organizer-patron of the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000. She discusses her organizing efforts with the Toronto Women’s Bathhouse Committee; the intentions of the Pussy Palace events; her identification with police abolitionist politics; the physical space that the Pussy Palace event occupied in Club Toronto; her participation in the legal case that followed the police raid; and other topics. Gallant discusses the time between 1998 and 2021, focusing on events taking place from 1998 to 2003. In the interview, she speaks about Toronto, Ontario and Vancouver, British Columbia in Canada, and mentions New York City, New York as well as San Francisco and Los Angeles, California in the United States. 

DIANE HAMILTON | TWBC Member

Diane Hamilton interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, August 9, 2021, Zoom video recording.

Diane Hamilton is a 54-year-old, queer, white woman living in Toronto, Ontario. At the time of the interview, Hamilton was working as a teacher at ALPHA Alternative School in the Toronto District School Board. The interview concerns her experiences as a volunteer organizer and patron of the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000. Hamilton discusses her involvement in the Toronto Women’s Bathhouse Committee, the appeal of the Pussy Palace events as an avenue for sexual liberation and sex radicalism, her sense memories of being inside the bathhouse, her encounter with police from within the ticket booth at the threshold of the Palace on the night the bathhouse was raided, and other topics. The interview concerns the years 1998 to 2000. Hamilton mentions Yellow Springs, Ohio in the United States and Toronto and Elora, Ontario in Canada. 

CARLYLE JANSEN | TWBC Co-Founder

Carlyle Jansen interview by Alisha Stranges and Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, April 1, 2021, Zoom video recording.

Carlyle Jansen is a white, cisgender, bi, dyke femme from a middle-class background. At the time of the interview in 2021, Jansen was 54 years old. She was living in Toronto, Ontario through the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. As a primary organizer and patron of the Pussy Palace, Jansen details the planning processes of the Pussy Palace bathhouse events from 1998 through 2010. She discusses the evolution of and intention behind the Pussy Palace; the Toronto Women’s Bathhouse Committee’s responses to the police raid; considerations that the Committee explored regarding racial and gender diversity at the Palace, including efforts for and limitations of inclusion; and other topics. She recounts being present during the raid and responding through the class action lawsuit filed against the Toronto Police Service. In the interview, Toronto, Ontario, Montreal, Quebec, Seattle Washington, and San Francisco, California are mentioned. 

JANET ROWE | TWBC Co-Founder

Janet Rowe interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, June 13, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Janet Rowe is a 61-year-old, queer dyke and white settler. Although Rowe grew up working-class, she now identifies as middle-class and as someone who lives with a progressive physical disability. At the time of the interview, Rowe was living in Toronto, Ontario during the COVID-19 pandemic. She is the Executive Director of PASAN (Prisoners with HIV/AIDS Support Action Network), a non-profit organization that supports and advocates with communities disproportionately affected by incarceration, focusing on prison health, harm reduction, HIV and Hepatitis C. The interview mostly concerns Rowe’s experience as one of the founders of the Toronto Women’s Bathhouse Committee and a key organizer of the early Pussy Palace bathhouse events. Rowe discusses the origins of Pussy Palace, which evolved out of her work as the Women’s Community Development Co-ordinator at the AIDS Committee of Toronto in the late-1990s. She shares her sense memories of being inside the Pussy Palace; her recollections of the September 14, 2000 bathhouse event, which was raided by Toronto police; her reflections on the community organizing that followed the police action; the experience of testifying on behalf of the volunteers accused of liquor license violations; the motivations behind filing the subsequent human rights case; and other topics. Toronto, Ontario is the only location mentioned. 

DEB SINGH | TWBC Member

Deb Singh interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, June 16, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Deb Singh is a 42-year-old, queer, polyamorous, cisgender, Indo-Caribbean, working-class woman. At the time of the interview, Singh was an activist and counsellor at the Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape and a parent living through the COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto, Ontario. The interview primarily concerns Singh’s time as a member of the Toronto Women’s Bathhouse Committee. In particular, Singh details her experience as a member of the subcommittee that organized the Sugar Shack events, a BIPOC-led bathhouse series for BIPOC queers. In her interview, Singh discusses the evolution of her work as an activist and community organizer; the practical, emotional, and political nuances of planning and executing the Sugar Shack events; her sense memories of being inside the Sugar Shack; navigating racism and white ignorance both at the Sugar Shack and within the more white-centric Pussy Palace events; the triumphs and challenges the Committee experienced when asked to think seriously about the politics of space, race, and embodiment at the Palace; and other topics. Singh discusses Toronto, Ontario from the years 2006 to 2010. India, Trinidad, and Pakistan are also mentioned. 

Bathhouse Volunteers

LUKAS BLAKK | Security

Lukas Blakk interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, July 8, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Lukas Blakk is a 46-year-old, white, genderqueer person living in Oakland, California. At the time of the interview, Blakk was working in social media and technology for Snapchat. The interview concerns her experiences as a volunteer security member at the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000. Blakk discusses her relocation to Toronto shortly before the Night of 2000 Pussies, the appeal of the Pussy Palace events as a somewhat novel attempt to create sex positive space for queer women and trans folks in Canada, her involvement as a volunteer security member at two consecutive Palace events, her sense memories of the Pussy Palace on the night of the raid, her interaction with the five invading, plainclothes police officers in the Polaroid room, and other topics. The interview concerns the time period between 2000 and 2001. Blakk mentions Montreal, Quebec; Victoria, British Columbia; Hamilton, Ontario; and Toronto, Ontario in Canada. She also mentions Michigan and California, USA. 

CHLOË BRUSHWOOD ROSE | Photographer

Chloë Brushwood Rose interview by Alisha Stranges and Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, May 25, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Chloë Brushwood Rose is a 48-year-old, white, queer femme. At the time of the interview, Brushwood Rose was in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, working as a professor at York University and as a part-time child and adolescent psychotherapist while raising two children in Toronto, Ontario. The interview concerns her experiences as a volunteer photographer at the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000. She discusses both the practical and the emotional nuances of her interactions with patrons during a typical shift, the significance of Polaroid photography as the medium of choice, her sense memories of the physical space that the “pornography photo room” occupied, her recollections of attending the post-raid protest at 52 Division, her involvement in the creation of promotional materials for the Pussy Palace, and other topics. In the interview, Toronto Ontario and Vancouver, British Columbia are mentioned. The date range discussed spans from 1998-2003, with a focus on Toronto in the late 90s. 

NOELLE CAMPBELL-SMITH | Bartender

Noelle Campbell-Smith interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, June 25, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Noelle Campbell-Smith is a 50-year-old, white, non-binary, lesbian person. At the time of the interview, Campbell-Smith was living in Toronto, Ontario during the COVID-19 pandemic and working for the Ontario government as a web developer and accessibility advisor. The interview concerns their experiences as a patron and volunteer bartender at the Pussy Palace bathhouse event on September 14, 2000. Campbell-Smith discusses her drag king persona, her sense memories of the Pussy Palace, her experience while bartending at the bathhouse on the night the Palace was raided, her confusion around the need for a police presence given how attentive she was to the demands set out in the Special Occasions Permit, and other topics. Campbell-Smith mentions Toronto, Ontario; New York, New York; San Francisco, California; Provincetown, Massachusetts; London, England; and Ibiza. The interview concerns the time between 2000 and 2021, with a focus on 2000 to 2003. 

JP HORNICK | Security

JP Hornick interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, May 19, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

JP Hornick is a 50-year-old white, middle-class, queer person. At the time of the interview, Hornick was living in Toronto, Ontario during the COVID-19 pandemic and working as a professor of Labour Studies at George Brown College. The interview mostly concerns Hornick’s experience as a security volunteer for the September 14, 2000 Pussy Palace bathhouse event, the night it was raided by Toronto police. Hornick discusses their immigration from the U.S. to Canada; their experience with volunteer security at Pussy Palace events; their recollections of the raid and being questioned by police; their memories of patrons’ reactions to the police presence at the bathhouse; the charges the police laid against her and the ensuing court case; the motivations behind the Toronto Women’s Bathhouse Committee filing a subsequent human rights case against the Toronto Police Service; and the LGBTQ-sensitive police training that she helped to create and facilitate as a result of the settlement. Toronto, Ontario; New York City, New York; and Michigan, U.S.A. are mentioned. Hornick discusses the time period between 1995 and 2021, but focuses in on Toronto from 1998-2005.

TERA MALLETTE | Security

Tera Mallette interview by Alisha Stranges and Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, May 25, 2021, Zoom video recording.

Originally from rural Ontario, Tera Mallette is a 46-year-old, white, pansexual, trans, non-binary person. At the time of the interview, Mallette was in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, living and working in Toronto, Ontario as a manager for Pink Triangle Press in their quality assurance department. The interview concerns Mallette’s experiences as a volunteer security member and patron of the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000. They discuss their duties as a volunteer security member stationed at the Palace’s front door, her experience as a patron following her security shift, their recollection of the bathhouse raid and observations of the police officers’ behaviour, her experiences as a trans femme person in the queer women’s community in general and at the Pussy Palace in particular, and other topics. The primary geographical location mentioned in the interview is Toronto, Ontario. Michigan, USA is also mentioned. The date range discussed spans from 1992-2021, with a focus on Toronto in 2000. 

LEANNE POWERS | Temple Priestess

Leanne Powers interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, July 2, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Leanne Powers is a 49-year-old, white, Acadian and Mi’kmaq, queer femme and BDSM aficionado. At the time of the interview, Powers was living and working in Toronto, Ontario as a spiritual sex professional, healer, and artist. The interview mostly concerns their experiences holding intentional, sacred, sexual space as the resident Temple Priestess of the Pussy Palace bathhouse events. Within the temple, Powers provided an unprecedented form of radical sex care that is not typically associated with bathhouse culture. Informed by feminist and queer theology and trauma-informed practice, she incorporated ritual, elemental work, spiritual tradition, mindfulness practice, body work, and empathic connection to welcome patrons into the Pussy Palace, to ease anxieties and fraught energy, to explore curiosities in a safer space, to assist patrons in setting intentions for the night, and to encourage folks to ground themselves in space and time, among other things. Throughout the interview, Powers discusses their journey toward spiritually-informed sex work and healing, highlights from her interactions with patrons while serving as the Temple Priestess at the Pussy Palace, reflections from her brief encounter with the plainclothes officers while the September 14, 2000 police raid was underway, the support work that she provided for patrons during, immediately after, and in the five years following the raid, and other topics. Powers mentions Toronto, Ontario from the years 1998 to 2021, with a focus on the years 2000-2005. 

RENEE RACINE | Security

Renee Racine interview by Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, May 19, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Renee Racine is a 46-year-old, bisexual woman with Scottish and Métis cultural heritage. At the time of the interview in 2021, Racine was working in a senior role at a bank while raising two children and writing novels in her spare time. The interview mostly concerns her experiences as a volunteer at the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000. She discusses how her sexuality and connection to queer community has changed over time; her experience as volunteer security for the Pussy Palace on the night it was raided; her participation in the legal case that followed the police raid; and other topics. In the interview, Racine speaks about Toronto and Scarborough, Ontario, as well as Los Angeles, California. She speaks about the time between 1998 and 2003 as well as her present-day relationship to community, following this five-year time period and up until 2021. 

TERRI ROBERTON | Body Painter

Terri Roberton interview by Alisha Stranges and Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, April 28, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Terri Roberton is a white, Canadian woman who identifies as a pansexual femdom and a “green witch,” with a love of gardening and a passion for pre-colonial spirituality. At the time of the interview, in 2021, Roberton was 63 years old. She was living in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic while working as an Expressive Arts Therapist. Part of her practice involves service to street-involved adults in Toronto’s downtown core. The interview mostly concerns her memories of being a volunteer dungeon mistress and body painter for the September 14, 2000 Pussy Palace bathhouse event. Roberton discusses her sense memories of the Pussy Palace; her perception of the crowd as politically divergent; her experience of seeing police outside of the club before entering; her recollection of the raid; her interactions with police officers inside the club; and other topics. Roberton shares how her resistance to the anti-sex agenda of second-wave, radical feminism coincided with the arrival of the Palace events. She also reflects on her affinity for third-wave, sex-positive, radical feminism and describes the relationship between the sex worker community’s push for decriminalization and the advent of sex-positive spaces like the Pussy Palace. The interview covers the time period from about 1981-2000, with a particular focus on 1998-2000.  She mentions Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; Vancouver, British Columbia; and San Francisco, California. 

Bathhouse Patrons and Community Allies

ANGE BEEVER | Patron 

Ange Beever interview by Alisha Stranges and Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, May 11, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Originally from England and raised in Southwestern Ontario, Ange Beever is a 49-year-old, white, queer woman. At the time of the interview, Beever was in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, living and working in Toronto, Ontario. As a multi-faceted, independent, creative professional and visual artist, Beever was running an accessories and garment decorating company with her wife, while working as a scenic artist at a prop house. The interview concerns her experiences as a patron of the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000. She discusses her sense memories of the Pussy Palace, her recollection of the bathhouse raid and questioning by police, her witnessing of the legal trial, her later involvement as a plaintiff in the class action lawsuit that followed the raid, and other topics. In the interview, Toronto, Hamilton, and Oshawa, Ontario are mentioned, as well as Michigan, USA. The date range discussed is 1998-2003. 

OLIVIA CHOW & BOB GALLAGHER | Allies 

Olivia Chow and Bob Gallagher interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, June 16, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Chow is an Asian woman and former Canadian politician who was a federal New Democratic Party member of Parliament (2006-2014), Toronto City Councillor (1998-2005), and Metro Toronto Councillor (1991-1998). Gallagher is a white, gay political activist, strategist, and academic who worked for Chow as her executive assistant while she was a Toronto City Councillor. At the time of the interview in 2021, Chow was the Executive Director of the Institute for Change Leaders, and Gallagher sat on the Institutes’ Board of Directors, while working for the United Steelworkers as Head of Communications and Political Action. The interview mostly concerns their experiences fundraising for the defense fund in the aftermath of the Pussy Palace police raid on September 14, 2000. They discuss how their experience in politics and fundraising helped them assist fundraising efforts, how the Toronto Women’s Bathhouse Committee organized themselves post-raid, their histories of LGBTQ activism in Toronto, and other topics. The narrators speak about Toronto in the 1980s but dedicate most of their interview to Toronto in 2000. 

BRENDA COSSMAN | Patron 

Brenda Cossman interview by Alisha Stranges and Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, June 1, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Brenda Cossman is a 61-year-old, white lesbian from a working-class background. At the time of the interview, Cossman was living in Toronto, Ontario during the COVID-19 pandemic and working at the University of Toronto in the Faculty of Law. She holds degrees in law from both Harvard University and the University of Toronto. Her teaching and scholarly interests include family law; and sexuality, gender, and the law. The interview mostly concerns Cossman’s experience as a patron of the September 2000 Pussy Palace bathhouse event, the night it was raided by Toronto police, and the details of the legal trial following the raid. Cossman discusses her experience writing for Xtra in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when police presence in Toronto’s LGBTQ+ communities was escalating; her efforts to bear witness to the police action during the raid; her role in assisting the volunteers as they were being questioned by police; her involvement in the legal trial that followed the raid; the contours of the defence’s legal strategy; and other topics. Toronto, Ontario is the only location mentioned. Cossman discusses the time period between 1997 and 2021, but focuses on the period between 2000 and 2002. 

STEPHANIE DUTRIZAC | Patron 

Stephanie Dutrizac interview by Alisha Stranges and Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, June 2, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Stephanie Dutrizac is a 46-year-old, cisgender, poly, queer femme and white settler living in Toronto, Ontario. At the time of the interview, Dutrizac was working as a senior policy advisor for Ontario’s Inclusive Diversity Office, collaborating with the government to implement more equitable policies and services for the province. The interview concerns her experiences as a patron of the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000. Dutrizac discusses the evolution of her feminist and queer politics, her involvement in the BDSM community, the political ideas that informed her bathhouse attire, her role as the first point of contact for those interested in participating in the “fuck line” at the Pussy Palace, her sense memories of the physical space, and her recollection of the police raid, among other topics. The interview concerns the time period between 1993 and 2021, with a focus on the year 2000. Dutrizac mentions Montreal, Quebec; Ottawa, Ontario; and Toronto, Ontario. 

T’HAYLA FERGUSON | Patron 

T’Hayla Ferguson interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, June 23, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

T’Hayla Ferguson is a 56-year-old, white, butch dyke. At the time of the interview, T’Hayla was living through the COVID-19 pandemic and working in an upper management position for Statistics Canada – Census in Toronto, Ontario. In addition to her years of government service, she also holds accreditations as an acupuncturist, a shiatsu therapist and is completing her accreditations as a Kink Aware Gestalt psychotherapist. The interview concerns T’Hayla’s experience as patron of the Pussy Palace bathhouse events, focusing on the Night of 2000 Pussies, which was held on September 14, 2000. T’Hayla discusses her investment in the leather dyke SM scene, the significance of her preferred bathhouse attire, the differences between queer and heteronormative public sex events as well as masculine-of-centre and feminine-of-centre play spaces, the types of activities she gravitated towards while at the Palace, her sense memories of the physical space, her recollections of the police raid, and other topics. T’Hayla mentions Canada and the United States with a focus on Toronto, Ontario. The interview addresses the years 1998 to 2021 with a focus on the year 2000. 

PAUL GALLANT | Journalist 

Paul Gallant interview by Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, May 19, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Stephanie Dutrizac is a 46-year-old, cisgender, poly, queer femme and white settler living in Toronto, Ontario. At the time of the interview, Dutrizac was working as a senior policy advisor for Ontario’s Inclusive Diversity Office, collaborating with the government to implement more equitable policies and services for the province. The interview concerns her experiences as a patron of the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000. Dutrizac discusses the evolution of her feminist and queer politics, her involvement in the BDSM community, the political ideas that informed her bathhouse attire, her role as the first point of contact for those interested in participating in the “fuck line” at the Pussy Palace, her sense memories of the physical space, and her recollection of the police raid, among other topics. The interview concerns the time period between 1993 and 2021, with a focus on the year 2000. Dutrizac mentions Montreal, Quebec; Ottawa, Ontario; and Toronto, Ontario. 

NIA HERLIHY | Patron 

Nia Herlihy interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, June 29, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

T’Hayla Ferguson is a 56-year-old, white, butch dyke. At the time of the interview, T’Hayla was living through the COVID-19 pandemic and working in an upper management position for Statistics Canada – Census in Toronto, Ontario. In addition to her years of government service, she also holds accreditations as an acupuncturist, a shiatsu therapist and is completing her accreditations as a Kink Aware Gestalt psychotherapist. The interview concerns T’Hayla’s experience as patron of the Pussy Palace bathhouse events, focusing on the Night of 2000 Pussies, which was held on September 14, 2000. T’Hayla discusses her investment in the leather dyke SM scene, the significance of her preferred bathhouse attire, the differences between queer and heteronormative public sex events as well as masculine-of-centre and feminine-of-centre play spaces, the types of activities she gravitated towards while at the Palace, her sense memories of the physical space, her recollections of the police raid, and other topics. T’Hayla mentions Canada and the United States with a focus on Toronto, Ontario. The interview addresses the years 1998 to 2021 with a focus on the year 2000. 

NANCY IRWIN | Patron

Nancy Irwin interview by Alisha Stranges and Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, April 29, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Nancy Irwin, now 60, is a white woman, a rebel femme, and the former proprietor of “Naughty Nancy,” a clothing company specializing in custom latex for all genders. Nancy is an important pillar within Toronto’s SM/Leather Community and has a long history of engaging in LGBTQ+ activism via her editorial contributions in publications such as Xtra, Siren, and Canadian Biker, to name a few. At the time of the interview, Nancy was living in Toronto, Ontario during the COVID-19 pandemic, while working in construction and landscaping. The interview mostly concerns Nancy’s experiences as a patron of the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000. She discusses her recollection of the physical space; the fashion she donned and the toys she brought to play parties, both like and unlike the Pussy Palace; her observations of police behaviour during the raid and its lasting impact on Palace patrons; and other topics. Nancy highlights the connection between the 2000 bathhouse raid of the Pussy Palace and the history of police brutality against racialized folk, queer folk, and sex workers, both past and present. She stresses the need for the abolition of policing as a cultural institution. Nancy speaks about Toronto, London, Ottawa, and Port Dover, Ontario; and Montreal, Quebec in Canada. She also references New York and Michigan, USA. Nancy addresses the time period between 1969 and 2021, focusing her interview on the year 2000. 

PAM JOHNSON | Patron 

Pam Johnson interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, April 21, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Originally from the Midwestern United States, Johnson is a 62-year-old, white, queer, middle-class woman. At the time of the interview, Johnson lived and worked in Toronto, Ontario, as a community activist; as a dancer, choreographer, and live performer; and as a post-secondary teacher in Performance training institutions. The interview concerns her experiences as an activist and patron of the Pussy Palace. She discusses her sense memories of attending the protest at 52 Division in the aftermath of the September 2000 bathhouse raid, the collective outrage at the police behaviour, the outpouring of community support, and the debates circulating among fellow activists and community members concerning the language of queer resistance. She recounts her experience as a patron of the Pussy Palace in 2004, the evolved vibe of the Palace post-raid, the intricacies of cruising at a women’s bathhouse, and other topics. Johnson also shares her commitment to community activism and her thoughts on the legacy of the Pussy Palace within Toronto’s queer history. In the interview, Toronto, Ontario and Indiana, USA are mentioned, and the conversation addresses the following moments in time: 1981, the 90s, 2004-2005, 2009, and 2016-2020. 

HANLON McGREGOR| Patron 

Hanlon McGregor, interview by Alisha Stranges and Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, March 17, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Originally from Nova Scotia, Hanlon is a white, pansexual, gender-fluid, transman and playwright. At the time of the interview, he was living in Toronto, Ontario, raising two children, writing, and securing funds for the workshop and production of his plays. The interview mostly concerns Hanlon’s experiences as a patron of the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000, leading up to the moment the police entered the bathhouse. They discuss their recollection of the space; the sense memories that remain; negotiations around what to wear, what to pack, and how to curate an enjoyable evening at the bathhouse; and other topics. Having attended Palace events both alone and with a date, he speaks about the challenges of penetrating established peer groups within an explicitly sexualized, queer space and the significance of the Palace for polyamorous folks, wanting to access erotic freedom with individual partners. He reflects on his experience of leaving the bathhouse as the police were entering and his participation in the community activism immediately following the raid. Hanlon speaks about Toronto, Ontario, in the late 1990s and early 2000s but dedicates most of their interview to Toronto in 2000. 

LYLA MIKLOS | Patron 

Lyla Miklos interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, June 1, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Lyla Miklos is a 46-year-old white, queer, cisgender woman of Hungarian and Irish-Canadian descent. At the time of the interview, Miklos was in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, working in multiple contexts. Specifically, she is an Administrative Assistant for the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board, Owner of Lyla the Publicist, Lay Chaplain with The First Unitarian Church of Hamilton, and Host and Producer of Centre Stage on 101.5 FM The Hawk; she is also a community activist, writer, theatre performer and vocalist. The interview concerns Miklos’ experiences as a patron of the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000, the night the bathhouse event was raided by Toronto police. Miklos discusses her involvement with Bisexual Women of Toronto, the activities she participated in at the Pussy Palace, her recollection of the police raid, her experience communing with fellow patrons over breakfast the morning after the raid, and other topics. She also shares her observations of trans-inclusive politics in the early 2000s, both at the Palace and in her queer communities more broadly. In the interview, Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario are mentioned as well as Montreal, Quebec and Michigan, USA. The date range discussed spans from the late 1990s to 2021, with the focus on 2000. 

ANTHONY MOHAMED | Ally 

Anthony Mohamed, interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, March 31, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Anthony is a 53-year-old, gay, South Asian, Caribbean, Canadian man. At the time of the interview, Anthony was living in lockdown, in Toronto, Ontario (more specifically, Treaty 13), during the COVID-19 pandemic. Having served for 26-years as Senior Specialist in Equity and Community Engagement for St. Michael’s Hospital, he was continuing to facilitate workshops in a volunteer capacity, while completing various online education courses and acting as a knowledge sharer for projects that centre Queer and Trans histories. Anthony discusses growing up gay and as a person of faith in the wake of the 1981 bathhouse raids and the Ken Zeller murder. The interview mostly concerns his experiences as a facilitator of the Toronto Police Service’s court-ordered, LGBTQ+ sensitivity training. He reflects on the evolution of the training curriculum, the nuances of both large-group and private encounters with the student cohort, the personal and political challenges of attempting to reform an authoritarian institution like policing, and other topics. Anthony speaks in depth about Toronto from the 1980s to 2021; however, the following locations are also mentioned: Trinidad and Tobago, the Indian subcontinent; Peru; Rwanda; South Africa; and Belgium. 

SABRINA OLENDER | Patron 

Sabrina Olender interview by Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, May 12, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Sabrina is a white, queer cis-woman from a working-class background in Toronto, Ontario. At the time of the interview in 2021, Sabrina was 44 years old. She was in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. The interview mostly concerns her experiences as a Pussy Palace patron from 1998-2000. She discusses her life in the women’s leather and S&M communities; her experience as a patron of the Pussy Palace; her account of the Pussy Palace raid on September 14, 2000; her involvement as a witness in Her Majesty the Queen v. J. Hornick and R. Aitcheson, and other topics. The interview covers the time period from about 1998-2002. Toronto, Ontario, is the only location mentioned. 

LYNDA J. PERRY | Patron 

Lynda J. Perry interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, June 30, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Lynda J. Perry is a 71-year-old, Jewish, queer person. For many decades, Perry has worked as a professional dominatrix under the name Patricia Marsh. At the time of the interview, Perry was in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, living in Toronto, Ontario. The interview mostly concerns Perry’s experiences as a patron of the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000. She discusses her early experiences of sexual imagination, fantasy, and sex-positive self-pleasure; her experience as a sex worker within the BDSM scene and the lesbian SM scene; her affinity for consensual voyeurism in the context of private play parties and bathhouse environments; her recollection of being inside the Pussy Palace the night it was raided by Toronto police; and other topics. The geographical locations mentioned include Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and New York, USA. The date range discussed predates the Night of 2000 Pussies in an undisclosed temporality, with some mentions of the 1990s and a focus on Toronto in 2000. 

ANDREA RIDGLEY | Patron 

Andrea Ridgley interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, June 25, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Andrea Ridgley is a 52-year-old, white, settler, cisgender, queer woman. At the time of the interview, Ridgley was working as the manager of the Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching at Ryerson University. The interview concerns Ridgley’s experiences as a patron of the Pussy Palace bathhouse event on the night of September 14, 2000. Ridgley discusses her work in queer community and her evolved understanding of politics and activism, her sense memories of the Pussy Palace, her feelings about having missed the police raid, her reflections on the rights-based discourse that seemed to dominate political responses to the raid, her close engagement with the civil proceedings that followed the raid, and other topics. Ridgley mentions Toronto, Ontario and Chiapas, Mexico. She speaks of the 1990s to 2021 with a focus on the year 2000. 

MARIANA VALVERDE | Ally 

Mariana Valverde interview by Alisha Stranges and Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, May 18, 2021, Zoom video recording. 

Mariana Valverde is a 66-year-old, queer, Canadian woman of Spanish descent. She is a political activist, scholar, and former Professor of Criminology at the University of Toronto’s Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies. At the time of the interview in 2021, Valverde was living in Toronto during the COVID-19 pandemic, while working on a number of scholarly and political commitments. As a liquor licensing expert, Valverde’s interview mostly concerns her perspectives on the legal strategy used by Frank Addario’s team in The Crown v. Aitcheson and Hornick (2001, OCJ). Valverde discusses her history of work in sexuality studies as a sociolegal scholar, her involvement in The Body Politic collective, her consultation with Frank Addario in advance of the civil trial, and other topics. She dedicates much of her interview to unpacking the ways in which the defence’s gender essentialist legal argument resulted in a complicated victory for the broader queer community. Specifically, while Valverde acknowledges the ease with which the judicial system could accommodate the idea that the invasion of male police officers in a “women-only” space violated the bathhouse patrons’ right to privacy, such an argument avoided interrogating the extraordinary power that Ontario liquor licensing laws confer on police, allowing them to mobilize this power — in the case of the Pussy Palace raid — for purposes of moral regulation. In the interview, Valverde mentions the following geographical locations: Spain; and Toronto and Ottawa, Ontario in Canada. She speaks about the time between 1976 and 2003 as well as her present-day relationship to community and politics. 

JOSEY VOGELS | Journalist

Josey Vogels interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, April 14, 2021, Zoom video recording.

Josey Vogels is a white, Canadian woman of Dutch descent. She describes herself as a “heterosexual queer,” possessing a fluid relationship with sexuality and a strong cultural and political allegiance with LGBTQ+ communities. Vogels grew up working-class, holds a Bachelor of Arts in Communication and Journalism, and worked for two decades as a sex-positive, feminist news columnist and activist. At the time of the interview, in 2021, Vogels was 56 years old. She was living in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic while working as a real estate agent in Niagara Falls, Ontario. The interview mostly concerns her experiences as a journalist, covering the Pussy Palace for her syndicated column, My Messy Bedroom, on the evening that the bathhouse event was raided by police in September 2000. She discusses her coverage of other public sex events; her experience as a first-hand news reporter at the Pussy Palace; her memory of the police raid and the subsequent legal case; and other topics. The interview covers the time period from about 1993-2003. She mentions Niagara Falls and Toronto, Ontario, as well as Montreal, Quebec.

ANNA WILLATS | Patron 

Anna Willats interview by Alisha Stranges for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, May 20, 2021, Zoom video recording.

Anna Willats is a 64-year-old white, cisgender, butch lesbian who was raised working-class poor but has since class ascended via her education and professional work history. At the time of the interview, Willats was in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, working as a community activist and as a coordinator and faculty member of the Assaulted Women’s and Children’s Counsellor/Advocate program at George Brown College. Although Willats discusses her experiences as a patron of the September 2000 Pussy Palace event, the interview mostly concerns the development of her 2005 report, “Recommendations from the Community Consultation on Policing and LGBTT Communities.” As a member of the Toronto Police Accountability Coalition (TPAC), a community advocacy group, Willats conducted this community consultation on behalf of the Toronto Women’s Bathhouse Committee, following the police raid of the Pussy Palace and the subsequent human rights complaint and class-action lawsuit settlement. Willats discusses her recollection of the Pussy Palace and events surrounding the raid; the political climate and the state of policing in Toronto in the late 1990s; her work as an activist in survivor advocacy and police de-tasking; the development, execution, results, and present-day reflections on her 2005 report; and other topics. In the interview, Toronto, Milton, and London, Ontario are mentioned. The date range discussed is 1955-2021, with 2000-2005 as the predominant focus. 

ROBIN WOODWARD | Patron 

Robin Woodward interview by Alisha Stranges and Elio Colavito for the LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory, May 13, 2021, Zoom video recording.

Robin Woodward is a 50-year-old, queer, Canadian woman with Scottish heritage. At the time of the interview, Woodward was in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, living and working in Toronto, Ontario. After briefly pursuing a career in education, Woodward shifted her focus to interdisciplinary, creative arts. For the past 20 years, she has been a self-employed and mostly self-taught, creative professional, running an accessories and garment decorating company with her wife. The interview concerns her experiences as a patron of the Pussy Palace on September 14, 2000. She discusses her bathhouse attire, the process of being admitted to the bathhouse and the rules around consent, her sense memories of the physical space, her recollection of the bathhouse raid and questioning by police, her witnessing of the legal trial, her later involvement as a plaintiff in the class action lawsuit that followed the raid, and other topics. In the interview, Toronto and London, Ontario are mentioned, as well as Michigan, USA. The date range discussed spans from the late-1990s to 2003.